ÿþ<html> <head><title>FolkWorld Article: Music of Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania</title></head> <body bgcolor="#FFF2E6" link="#DC143C" alink="#FF3300" vlink="#4B0082"> <p><font size=4 color="4169e1"><font FACE="Maiandra GD">FolkWorld</font> Issue 41 03/2010; Article from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia </font> </p> <br> <center> <p><b><font color="#ff0000" size="6">Music of Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania</font><br> <font color="#008000" size="5">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</font> </b></p> </center> <table align="right" width=325 cellpadding=5 border=5 bgcolor="#ffebcd" bordercolor="#FFF2E6"> <tr><td> <p align=center><img src="../p/baltic.gif" border=0 alt="Baltic States"></p> <p><b>Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik)</b><br> <font size=-1><br> <img src="../../p/estonia.gif" width=50 border=0 alt="Estonia" hspace=10 align=left> <b>Capital:</b> Tallinn <br><b>Population:</b> 1,3 mio. </font> <p><b>Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika)</b><br> <font size=-1><br> <img src="../../p/latvia.gif" width=50 border=0 alt="Latvia" hspace=10 align=left> <b>Capital:</b> Riga <br><b>Population:</b> 2,2 mio. </font> <p><b>Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika)</b><br> <font size=-1><br> <img src="../../p/lithuania.gif" width=50 border=0 alt="Lithuania" hspace=10 align=left> <b>Capital:</b> Vilnius <br><b>Population:</b> 3,5 mio. </font> </td></tr> </table> <p><font size=4> The three Baltic States Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in Northern Europe are bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, and to the southwest by Poland, to the east by the Russian Federation and to the southeast by Belarus. Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1990 and 1991, respectively, by way what is sometimes called the Singing Revolution. </font></p> <a name="estonia"></a><p><table align="right" cellpadding=5 border=5 bgcolor="#ffebcd" bordercolor="#FFF2E6"> <tr><td> <p><b><a href="../../frog/baltic.html#estonia">Estonian Artists @ FROG</a></b> </td></tr> </table> <center><h1>Music of Estonia</h1></center> <p>The earliest mentioning of Estonian singing dates back to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a>' <i>Gesta Danorum</i> (c. 1179). Saxo speaks of Estonian warriors who sang at night while waiting for an epic battle. The Estonian folk music tradition is broadly divided into 2 periods. <table align="left" cellpadding=5 border=5 bgcolor="#ffebcd" bordercolor="#FFF2E6"> <tr><td><img src="../../36/p/rotoro3.jpg" width=220 height=330 border=0 alt="Ro:toro, folkBALTICA 2008"> </td></tr> </table> The older folksongs are also referred to as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Runic_songs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Runic songs (page does not exist)">runic songs</a>, songs in the poetic metre <i>regivärss</i> the tradition shared by all <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic-Finnic" title="Baltic-Finnic" class="mw-redirect">Baltic-Finnic</a> peoples. Runic singing was widespread among Estonians until the 18th century, when it started to be replaced by rhythmic folksongs. Professional Estonian musicians emerged in the late 19th-century at the time of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">Estonian national awakening</a>. Nowadays the most known Estonian composers are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veljo_Tormis" title="Veljo Tormis">Veljo Tormis</a>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Folk_music">Folk music</span></h3> <p>Estonian runo-song (Estonian: <i>regilaul</i>) has been extensively recorded and studied, especially those sung by women. They can come in many forms, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_song" title="Work song">work songs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballads</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a>. Much of the early scholarly study of runo-song was done in the 1860s by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Reinhold_Kreutzwald" title="Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald">Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald</a>, who used them to compose the Estonian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg">Kalevipoeg</a></i>. By the 20th century, though, runo-song had largely disappeared from Estonia, with vibrant traditions existing only in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setumaa" title="Setumaa" class="mw-redirect">Setumaa</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihnu" title="Kihnu">Kihnu</a>.</p> <p>Traditional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">wind instruments</a> derived from those used by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherds</a> were once widespread, but are now more rarely played. Other instruments, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zither</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">concertina</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a> are used to play <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">polka</a> or other dance music. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantele" title="Kantele">kantele</a> (Estonian: <i>kannel</i>) is a native instrument that is now more popular among Estonian-Americans than in its homeland. Nevertheless, Estonian kannel musicians include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_T%C3%B5nurist&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor Tõnurist (page does not exist)">Igor Tõnurist</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuule_Kann&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuule Kann (page does not exist)">Tuule Kann</a>.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="National_awakening">National awakening</span></h3> <p><table align="right" width=300 cellpadding=5 border=5 bgcolor="#ffebcd" bordercolor="#FFF2E6"> <tr><td> <img src="../../36/p/rotoro1.jpg" width=320 height=214 border=0 alt="Ro:toro, folkBALTICA 2008"> </td></tr></table> After the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">Estonian national awakening</a> the first professional Estonian musicians emerged. The most significant was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Rudolf Tobias</a>(1873 1918) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Kapp" title="Artur Kapp">Artur Kapp</a> (1878 1952). Other composers followed, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_Saar" title="Mart Saar">Mart Saar</a> (1882 1963), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_Lemba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur Lemba (page does not exist)">Artur Lemba</a> (1885 1963), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heino_Eller" title="Heino Eller">Heino Eller</a> (1887 1970) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillus_Kreek" title="Cyrillus Kreek">Cyrillus Kreek</a> (1889 1962).</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="20th_century">20th century</span></h2> <p>In the 1960s, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> began encouraging folk art from its constituent republics. Local ethnographic bands were formed after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiko" title="Leiko" class="mw-redirect">Leiko</a>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rska" title="Värska">Värska</a>, came together in 1964, while a less regionally-distinct form of Estonian folk music was soon promoted, beginning with the formation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leigarid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Leigarid (page does not exist)">Leigarid</a> in 1969. The 1950s and 60s also saw the publication of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Tampere&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Tampere (page does not exist)">Herbert Tampere</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eesti_rahvalaule_viisidega&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eesti rahvalaule viisidega (page does not exist)">Eesti rahvalaule viisidega</a></i> <i>(Estonian folk songs with melodies)</i>, a collection of folk songs. The first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinyl_record" title="Vinyl record" class="mw-redirect">LP</a> of traditional music, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eesti_rahvalaule_ja_pillilugusid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eesti rahvalaule ja pillilugusid (page does not exist)">Eesti rahvalaule ja pillilugusid</a></i> <i>(Estonian folk songs and instrumental pieces)</i> was released in 1967. <table align="left" cellpadding=5 border=5 bgcolor="#ffebcd" bordercolor="#FFF2E6"> <tr><td><img src="../../36/p/liisi.jpg" width=209 height=314 border=0 alt="Liisi Koikson, folkBALTICA 2008"> </td></tr></table> In the 1980s, a series of festivals took place that helped stimulate increasing agitation for freedom of expression; these included the 1985 conference of <a href="/w/index.php?title=CIOFF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CIOFF (page does not exist)">CIOFF</a>, the 1986 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viru_s%C3%A4ru&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Viru säru (page does not exist)">Viru säru</a> and 1989's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltica_(festival)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltica (festival) (page does not exist)">Baltica</a>.</p> <p>Estonia also produced a number of classical composers of high repute during the twentieth century, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Rudolf Tobias</a> (1873 1918), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heino_Eller" title="Heino Eller">Heino Eller</a> (1887 1970), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Kapp" title="Artur Kapp">Artur Kapp</a> (1878 1952), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart_Saar" title="Mart Saar">Mart Saar</a> (1882 1963), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepo_Sumera" title="Lepo Sumera">Lepo Sumera</a> (1950 2000), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Tubin" title="Eduard Tubin">Eduard Tubin</a> (1905 1982) and the living composers mentioned below.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Today">Today</span></h2> <p>These celebrations of traditional life have inspired multiple later composers who modernized traditional music, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olev_Muska&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Olev Muska (page does not exist)">Olev Muska</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coralie_Joyce&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Coralie Joyce (page does not exist)">Coralie Joyce</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirile_Loo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirile Loo (page does not exist)">Kirile Loo</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veljo_Tormis" title="Veljo Tormis">Veljo Tormis</a> and the Estonian-Australian choir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiri-uu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiri-uu (page does not exist)">Kiri-uu</a>. Other modern Estonian musicians include the influential composers <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Eespere" title="René Eespere">René Eespere</a> (1953 ), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_M%C3%A4gi" title="Ester Mägi">Ester Mägi</a> (1922 ), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a> (1935 ), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmas_Sisask" title="Urmas Sisask">Urmas Sisask</a> (1960 ), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veljo_Tormis" title="Veljo Tormis">Veljo Tormis</a> (1930 ) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erkki-Sven_T%C3%BC%C3%BCr" title="Erkki-Sven Tüür">Erkki-Sven Tüür</a> (1959 ).</p> <p>There are several yearly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_festivals_of_Estonia" title="Music festivals of Estonia">music festivals of Estonia</a>. The girl band <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_Ninja" title="Vanilla Ninja">Vanilla Ninja</a> are one of the best-known Estonians in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, having had success in several <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central European</a> countries. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerli" title="Kerli">Kerli</a> has had moderate success in the United States.</p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metsat%C3%B6ll" title="Metsatöll">Metsatöll</a> is a folk-metal band combining runo-song and traditional folk instruments with metal. Another Estonian folk metal group is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raud-ants&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Raud-ants (page does not exist)">Raud-ants</a>, who performed at the annual minority language music festival <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liet-Lavlut" title="Liet-Lavlut" class="mw-redirect">Liet-Lavlut</a> with a song in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votic</a>.</p> <p><br clear=all> <a name="latvia"></a><p><table align="right" cellpadding=5 border=5 bgcolor="#ffebcd" bordercolor="#FFF2E6"> <tr><td> <p><b><a href="../../frog/baltic.html#latvia">Latvian Artists @ FROG</a></b> </td></tr> </table> <center><h1>Music of Latvia</h1></center> <p>Traditional <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvian</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a></b> is often set to traditional poetry called <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daina_(Latvia)" title="Daina (Latvia)">dainas</a></i>, featuring pre-Christian themes and legends, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_(music)" title="Drone (music)">drone</a> vocal styles and Baltic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zithers</a>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Dainas">Dainas</span></h2> <p><table align="right" bgcolor="#ffebcd" cellpadding=5 border=5 bordercolor="#FFF2E6"> <tr><td><center> <img src="../../40/p/valdis.jpg" width=243 height=324 border=0 alt="Valdis Muktupavels"> </td></tr> </table> Dainas are very short, usually only one or two stanzas, unrhymed and in a four-footed trochaic metre. Lyrically, dainas concern themselves with native mythology but, in contrast to most similar forms, do not have any legendary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">heroes</a>. Stories often revolve around pre-Christian deities like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">sun goddess</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saule" title="Saule" class="mw-redirect">Saule</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_deity" title="Lunar deity">moon god</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meness" title="Meness" class="mw-redirect">Meness</a> and, most notably, the life of people, especially its three most important events - birth, wedding and death (including burial). The first collection of dainas was published between 1894 and 1915 as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daina_(Latvia)" title="Daina (Latvia)">Latvju Dainas</a></i> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisjanis_Barons" title="Krisjanis Barons" class="mw-redirect">Kriajnis Barons</a>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</span></h2> <p>Accompaniment to the village songs is played on various traditional instruments, the most important of which is the kokle, a type of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zither</a> related to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantele" title="Kantele">kantele</a>. In the 1970s, artists like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Janis_Porikis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Janis Porikis (page does not exist)">Jnis Porikis</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valdis_Muktupavels&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Valdis Muktupavels (page does not exist)">Valdis Muktupvels</a> led a revival in kokle music, which had only survived in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a>/Kurzeme and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettgallia" title="Lettgallia" class="mw-redirect">Lettgallia</a>/Latgale regions. The Latvian-exile community abroad, especially in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, has also kept kokle traditions alive. In the last hundred years a new kind of kokle was developed, with many more strings, halftones levelers and other improvements that expand the capacities of the instrument to play not only modal music but, in other point of view, displeased more traditional musicians. This kind of instrument its called "concert kokle". However, there is currently only one concert kokle maker left, though he is to begin training <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprentice" title="Apprentice" class="mw-redirect">apprentices</a> with the help of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> grants.</p> <table align="left" bgcolor="#ffebcd" cellpadding=5 border=5 bordercolor="#FFF2E6"> <tr><td><img src="../../40/p/laima.jpg" border=0 width=243 height=324 alt="Laima Jansone"> </td></tr></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_Latvian_music">Modern Latvian music</span></h2> <p>During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> occupation, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> became extremely popular, because it, as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_songs" title="Folk songs" class="mw-redirect">folk songs</a>, offered a chance to rebel against the local authorities. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imants_Kalni%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Imants KalniFa">Imants KalniFa</a> was the most important composer of the time, and his songs were extremely popular. He also wrote music for the movie originally called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cetri_balti_krekli&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cetri balti krekli (page does not exist)"> etri balti krekli</a> ('Four White Shirts'), later given the title <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elpojiet_dzilak!&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Elpojiet dzilak! (page does not exist)">Elpojiet dzi<k!</a> ('Breathe Deeper!'), which spoke about the need of freedom and was therefore banned. One of the most important social gatherings of the time was the annual <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imantdiena&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Imantdiena (page does not exist)">Imantdiena</a> ('The Day of Imants (Kalnins)'), forbidden on grounds of interfering with hay-gathering. The tradition continued informally at the composer's house.</p> <p>The songs of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imants_Kalni%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Imants KalniFa">Imants KalniFa</a> were best known as performed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menuets&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Menuets (page does not exist)">Menuets</a> group which only played songs by this composer. Most of the members of the group moved on to form another group, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93rkons_(band)" title="Prkons (band)">Prkons</a> ('Thunder') later. Prkons was a symbol of rebellion. They played <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> music, using poems mostly written by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maris_Melgalvs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maris Melgalvs (page does not exist)">Mris Melgalvs</a>. Many of those were strongly disapproved by the Soviet authorities, as they implied the ridiculousness of the system. The most famous concert by Prkons resulted in the destruction of a train compartment by the young people who had attended the concert. This, as well as other events, is portrayed in the movie <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vai_viegli_b%C5%ABt_jaunam%3F" title="Vai viegli bkt jaunam?">Vai viegli bkt jaunam?</a> ('Is It Easy to Be Young?') by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Podnieks" title="Juris Podnieks">Juris Podnieks</a>. Acts such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93rkons" title="Prkons" class="mw-redirect">Prkons</a> certainly played an important role in the lives of the youth of the time and were a serious challenge to the Soviet system.</p> <p>Nowadays, the pop music sphere is dominated by pop music (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%81ta_v%C4%93tra" title="Prta vtra" class="mw-redirect">Prta vtra</a>, also known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstorm_(Latvian_band)" title="Brainstorm (Latvian band)">Brainstorm</a>) and alternative rock.</p> <p><center><img src="../p/latvia.jpg" border=1 width=501 height=206 border=0 alt=""></center> <p><br clear=all> <a name="lithuania"></a><p><table align="right" cellpadding=5 border=5 bgcolor="#ffebcd" bordercolor="#FFF2E6"> <tr><td> <p><b><a href="../../frog/baltic.html#lithuania">Lithuanian Artists @ FROG</a></b> </td></tr> </table> <center><h1>Music of Lithuania</h1></center> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> has a long history of folk, popular and classical musical development.</p> <p><table align="right" width=320 bgcolor="#ffebcd" cellpadding=5 width=255 border=10 bordercolor="#FFF2E6"> <tr><td><font size=-1> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Folk_song_genres">Folk song genres</span></h4> <p><b>Sutartins</b> (from the word sutarti to be in concordance, in agreement) are highly unique examples of folk music. They are an ancient form of two and three voiced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a>, based on the oldest principles of multivoiced vocal music: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterophony" title="Heterophony">heterophony</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelism" title="Parallelism">parallelism</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canon</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_imitation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Free imitation (page does not exist)">free imitation</a>. Most of the sutartin repertoire was recorded in the 19th and 20th centuries, but sources from the 16th century and later show that this style of singing was important along with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophonic" title="Monophonic">monophonic</a> songs for a considerable period of time. [...] <p><b>Laments (raudos)</b> are one of the oldest forms of musical poetry. They originate from funeral customs. The first written sources about Lithuanian funeral customs date to the 9th century. Johan Maletius is purported to have written down the first lament in 1551 in a combination of Belarus and Lithuanian languages. The first known example of a lament in the Lithuanian language can be found in a travel diary by J.A.Brand. The development of laments is no different from that of other genres: emerging as part the phenomena of everyday life, they evolve and endure until they vanish when circumstances change. In the 19th and 20th centuries laments grew to resemble songs. <p>There is considerable material available about Lithuanian <b>wedding customs</b>. The first written sources are from the 16th and 17th centuries. The greatest amount of material can be found in 19th century academic periodicals and other publications on ethnography and folklore. A classic tome on the subject is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanas_Ju%C5%A1ka" title="Antanas Juaka">A. Juaka's</a> comprehensive description of wedding rites, Svodbin rda. Weddings were major celebrations, lasting a week or longer, attended by the relatives, friends of both families, and included the entire village. The great variety of wedding customs gave rise to a wide array of folk poetry and musical forms. Different vocal and instrumental forms developed, such as lyrical, satirical, drinking and banqueting songs, musical dialogues, wedding laments, games, dances and marches. From an artistic standpoint the lyric songs are the most interesting. They reflect the entirety of the bride's life: her touching farewells to loved ones as she departs for the wedding ceremony or her husband's home, premonitions about the future, age-old questions about relationships between the mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, and the innermost thoughts and emotions of the would-be bride. The rich repertoire of prenuptial lyric love songs is also often ascribed to the category of wedding songs, since the lyrics often have to do with upcoming weddings. During the actual wedding, the lyric songs were sung by the women and girls in chorus, often in the name of the bride. The bride herself usually did not sing. [...] <p>Chronicles and historical documents of the 13th through 16th centuries contain the first sources about songs relating the heroics of those fallen in battle against the Crusaders. Beginning in the 16th century historical documents also provide fragments of <b>historical songs</b> and more detailed accounts of their origins. Later, during the 17th and 18th centuries, attention to historical songs was quite scant. Interest was rekindled during the 19th century when historians resumed their interest in Lithuanian history. Wartime historical songs were again written down and discussed. The most valuable sources of wartime historical songs are the folk song collections of 19th century ethnographers, such as A. Juðka, S. Daukantas, J. Basanavièius, G.H.F. Nesselmann, Chr. Bartsch and others. [...] <p>The oldest Lithuanian folk songs are those that accompany the celebrations and <b>rituals of the calendar cycle</b>. They were sung at prescribed times of the year while performing the appropriate rituals. These songs can be classified into several categories: songs of Winter celebrations and rituals, i.e. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a>; songs of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrovetide" title="Shrovetide" class="mw-redirect">Shrovetide</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, songs of Spring and Summer, i.e. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> swinging songs, and Easter songs called lalavimai; songs for the feasts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George" title="St. George" class="mw-redirect">St. George</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">St. John</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter" title="St. Peter" class="mw-redirect">St. Peter</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>. Many rituals and some ritual songs reflect ancient Lithuanian animistic beliefs in which elements of nature, such as the Sun, thunder, the Moon, Earth, fire and other natural objects were worshipped and endowed with spiritual characteristics. The rituals and songs also reflect remnants of plant and death cults. Ancient rituals related to agricultural endeavors are practiced to this day in Lithuania to protect the farm and the family from hardship and misfortune, to thank the good spirits for a successful year and to ensure well-being in the coming year through offerings and magical acts. [...] <p><b>Work songs</b> are among the oldest forms of folklore. They came into being when rudimentary manual labor was employed. As farm implements improved and the management of labor changed, many work songs were no longer suitable for accompanying the tasks and began to disappear. Many of the songs became divorced from the specific job and became lyrical songs on the subject of work to be sung at any time. Work songs vary greatly in function and age. There are some very old examples, which have retained their direct relation with the rhythm and process of the work to be done. Later work songs sing more of a person's feelings, experiences and aspirations. The older work songs more accurately relate the various stages of the work to be done. They are categorized according to their purpose on the farm, in the home, and so on. [...] <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania#Folk_song_genres"><b>More @ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania</b></a> </td></tr> </table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Folk_music">Folk music</span></h2> <p>Lithuanian folk music belongs to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_music" title="Nordic music" class="mw-redirect">Nordic music</a> branch which is connected with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corded_ware" title="Corded ware" class="mw-redirect">corded ware</a> culture. In Lithuanian territory meets two musical cultures: stringed (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantele" title="Kantele">kanklis</a>) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">wind instrument</a> cultures. <img src="../p/sutaras.jpg" width=320 height=239 border=0 alt="Sutaras" align=left hspace=10 vspace=10> These instrumental cultures probably formed vocal traditions. Lithuanian folk music is archaic, mostly used for ritual purposes, containing elements of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pre-Christian</a> faith. <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vocal_music_traditions">Vocal music traditions</span></h3> <p>There are three ancient styles of singing in Lithuania connected with ethnographical regions: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophony</a>, multi-voiced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">homophony</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterophony" title="Heterophony">heterophony</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a>.</p> <p>Monophony mostly occurs in southern (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C5%ABkija" title="Dzkkija">Dzkkija</a>), southwest (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvalkija" title="Suvalkija">Suvalkija</a>) and eastern (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aukstaitija" title="Aukstaitija" class="mw-redirect">Aukstaitija</a>) parts of Lithuania. Multi-voiced homophony is spread in whole Lithuania, in western part (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogitia" title="Samogitia">Samogitia</a>) it is the most archaic.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Instrumental_music">Instrumental music</span></h3> <p>The rateliai round dances have long been a very important part of Lithuanian folk culture, traditionally performed without instrumental <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a>. Since the 19th century, however, fiddle, <i>basetle</i>, <i>lamzdeliai</i> and kankls came to accompany the dances, while modern groups also incorporate bandoneon, accordion, concertina, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balalaika" title="Balalaika">balalaika</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornet</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonica" title="Harmonica">harmonica</a>. During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_era" title="Soviet era" class="mw-redirect">Soviet era</a>, dance ensembles used box kankls and a modified clarinet called the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birbyn%C4%97" title="Birbyn">birbyns</a></i>; although the Soviet ensembles were ostensibly folk-based, they were modernized and sanitized and used harmonized and denatured forms of traditional styles.</p> <p>The most important Lithuanian popular folk music ensembles included <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skriaud%C5%BEiai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Skriaud~iai (page does not exist)">Skriaud~is</a> kankls</i>, formed in 1906, and <i>Lietuva</i>. <img src="../p/atalyja.jpg" width=321 height=235 border=0 alt="Atalyja" align=left hspace=10 vspace=10> Such ensembles were based on traditional music, but were modernized to be palatable to the masses; the early 20th century also saw the spread of traditional musical plays like <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Kupi%C5%A1k%C4%97nai_Wedding&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Kupiaknai Wedding (page does not exist)">The Kupiaknai Wedding</a></i>.</p> <p>Some of the most prominent modern village ensembles: Marcinkonys (Varna dst.), }ikrai (Varna dst.), Kalviai-Lieponys (Trakai dst.), Luok (Telaiai dst.), <i>Linkava</i> (Linkuva, Pakruojis dst.), <i>`eduviai</i> (`eduva, Radviliakis dst.), U~uailiai (Bir~ai dst.), Lazdiniai-Adutiakis (`ven ionys dst.). Some of the most prominent town folklore groups: <i>Ratilio</i>, <i>jla</i>, <i>Jievaras</i>, <i>Poring</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>), <i>Kupol</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>), <i>Verpeta</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai%C5%A1iadorys" title="Kaiaiadorys">Kaiaiadorys</a>), <i>Mguva</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palanga" title="Palanga">Palanga</a>), <i>Insula</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C5%A1iai" title="Telaiai">Telaiai</a>), <i>Gastauta</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roki%C5%A1kis" title="Rokiakis">Rokiakis</a>), <i>Kupkiemis</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupi%C5%A1kis" title="Kupiakis">Kupiakis</a>), <i>Levindra</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utena,_Lithuania" title="Utena, Lithuania">Utena</a>), <i>Skduviai</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilkavi%C5%A1kis" title="Vilkaviakis">Vilkaviakis</a>). Children folk groups: <i> iu iuruks</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C5%A1iai" title="Telaiai">Telaiai</a>), <i>Kukutis</i> (Moltai), <i> irulis</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roki%C5%A1kis" title="Rokiakis">Rokiakis</a>), <i>Antazav</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarasai" title="Zarasai">Zarasai</a> dst.).</p> <p>1924 saw the first <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dain%C5%B3_%C5%A1vent%C4%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dains avent (page does not exist)">Dains avent</a></i> (literally "Song Fest"), song festivals which were state-supported and helped to keep folk traditions alive; these were held every five years. The 1960s saw people rebelling against these Soviet-controlled traditions, and led a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_revival" title="Roots revival">roots revival</a> that soon led to celebrations of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_identity&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian identity (page does not exist)">Lithuanian identity</a> in festivals and celebrations.</p> <p>Lithuania is home to many folk music festivals. The <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dain%C5%B3_%C5%A1vent%C4%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dains avent (page does not exist)">Dains avent</a></i> song festival is perhaps the most famous; it was first held in 1924, and has continued every five years since. Other major folk festivals include the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skamba_skamba_kankliai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Skamba skamba kankliai (page does not exist)">Skamba skamba kankliai</a></i> and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atataria_trimitai&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Atataria trimitai (page does not exist)">Atataria trimitai</a></i>, both held annually; of historical importance is the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant_mari%C5%B3_krantelio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ant maris krantelio (page does not exist)">Ant maris krantelio</a></i>, which was held in the 1980s and was the first major festival of its kind. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltica_International_Folklore_Festival&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltica International Folklore Festival (page does not exist)">Baltica International Folklore Festival</a> is held in one of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> every year.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Classical_music">Classical music</span></h2> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikalojus_Konstantinas_%C4%8Ciurlionis" title="Mikalojus Konstantinas iurlionis">Mikalojus Konstantinas iurlionis</a> (September 22 <small>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> September 10]</small> 1875 in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C4%97na" title="Varna">Varna</a> April 10 <small>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> March 28]</small> 1911 in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustelnik" title="Pustelnik">Pustelnik</a> near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>) was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painter</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>. During his short life he created about 200 pieces of music. His works have had profound influence on modern Lithuanian culture.</p> <p><img src="../p/zalvarinis.jpg" width=323 height=243 border=0 alt="Zalvarinis" align=left hspace=10 vspace=10> iurlionis studied piano and composition at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> Conservatory (1894-1899). Later he attended composition lectures at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> Conservatory (1901-1902).</p> <p>His <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poems</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Forest&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="In the Forest (page does not exist)">In the Forest</a></i> (<i>Miake</i>) and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Sea_(music)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Sea (music) (page does not exist)">The Sea</a></i> (<i>Jkra</i>) were performed only <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_work" title="Posthumous work" class="mw-redirect">posthumously</a>.</p> <p><i>The iurlionis String Quartet</i> performs in Lithuania and abroad. Every several years junior performers from Lithuania and neighbouring countries take part in <i>The iurlionis Competition</i>.</p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osvaldas_Balakauskas" title="Osvaldas Balakauskas">Osvaldas Balakauskas</a> (born 1937, Miliknai) Graduated from the Vilnius Pedagogical Institute in 1961, attended Boris Lyatoshinsky's composition class at Kiev Conservatory in 1969. From 1992 to 1994 Balakauskas was ambassador of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and in 1996 he was awarded with the Lithuanian National Award, the highest artistic and cultural distinction in Lithuania. He is currently head of the Composition Department of the Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre. His output consists of symphonies, concertos, chamber and instrumental music.</p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vytautas_Mi%C5%A1kinis" title="Vytautas Miakinis">Vytautas Miakinis</a> (born 1954) is a composer and choir director who is very popular in Lithuania and abroad. He has written over 400 secular and about 150 religious works.</p> <p>In Lithuania <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choral_music" title="Choral music" class="mw-redirect">choral music</a> is very important. Only in Vilnius city there are three choirs laureates at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Grand_Prix_for_Choral_Singing" title="European Grand Prix for Choral Singing">European Grand Prix for Choral Singing</a>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Rock_and_popular_music">Rock and popular music</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_rock" title="Lithuanian rock">Lithuanian rock</a></div> <p>The Communist government of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_SSR" title="Lithuanian SSR" class="mw-redirect">Lithuanian SSR</a> criticized <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>, which was considered a decadent and corrupting cultural invasion from the West.</p> <p>In the 1980s, rock bands <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foje" title="Foje">Foje</a>(Foyer), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antis" title="Antis">Antis</a>(duck), and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bix" title="Bix">Bix</a> made a big impact in Lithuania. In 1987, 1988 and 1989 Lithuania saw several big rock festivals, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roko_Mar%C5%A1as" title="Roko Maraas">Roko Maraas</a>(Rock March). Roko Maraas was connected to the ideology of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis" title="Sjkdis">Sjkdis</a>.</p> <p>From 2000nds on, the most popular band in Lithuania is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKAMP" title="SKAMP">SKAMP</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happyendless" title="Happyendless">Happyendless</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurga" title="Jurga" class="mw-redirect">Jurga</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jazzu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jazzu (page does not exist)">Jazzu</a> became internationally popular and put Lithuania spot on the map for quality music.</p> <p><center><img src="../p/lithuania.jpg" border=1 width=500 height=206 border=0 alt=""></center> <p><table align="right" width=300 bgcolor="#ffebcd" cellpadding=5 border=10 bordercolor="#FFF2E6"> <tr><td><font size=-1> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <ul> <li>Cronshaw, Andrew. "Singing Revolutions". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), <i>World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East</i>, pp 16-24. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1858286360" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-85828-636-0</a></li> </ul></font> </td></tr> </table> <table bgcolor="#ffebcd" align=center width=585 cellpadding=10 border=20 bordercolor="#FFF2E6"> <tr><td> <img src="../../35/p/wiki.jpg" width=128 height=96 border=1 alt="" align=right hspace=10> <img src="../../35/p/gnu.gif" width=100 height=98 border=1 alt="" align=left hspace=10> <font size=-1><i> From <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org">Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Estonia">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Estonia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Latvia">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Latvia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania</a>].<br> All text is available under the terms of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_FDL">GNU Free Documentation License</a>.<br> Date: February 2010. </i></font></td></tr> </table> <p><font size=-1><b>Photo Credits:</b><i> (1) Europe (by FolkWorld); (2)-(4) Estonian, Latvian & Lithianian Flag (unknown); (5)-(6) <a HREF="http://rootoro.mcp.pri.ee">Ro:toro</a>, (7) <a href="http://www.liisikoikson.ee">Liisi Koikson</a> (by <a HREF="http://www.folkbaltica.de">folkBALTICA</A>); (8) <a href="http://www.music.lv/mukti/valdis.htm">Valdis Muktupavels</a>, (9) <a href="http://www.myspace.com/laimajansone">Laima Jansone</a> (by Irbe Smite, Zane Smite und Ivars Cinkuss); (10) Soviet postage stamp depicting traditional Latvian instruments, (14) stamp depicting traditional Lithuanian instruments, (16) Wikipedia Logo (by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a>); (11) <a href="http://www.sutaras.lt">Sutaras</a>, (12) <a href="http://atalyja.com">Atalyja</a>, (13) <a href="http://www.zalvarinis.lt">}alvarinis</a> (from website); (15) GNU Logo (by <a href="http://www.gnu.org/">GNU Project</a>). </i></font> <br><br> <hr color="#ff0000"> <p><table align="center" bgcolor="#ffebcd" cellpadding=20 border=5 bordercolor="#FFF2E6"> <tr><td> <p><center> <font size=4> <a HREF="index.html#up">Back to FolkWorld Content</a><br> <a HREF="../d/index.html#up">To the German FolkWorld</a> </font> </center> </td></tr> </table> <p> <font size=-1>&#169; <a HREF="../../fw/staff.html">The Mollis</a> - Editors of <font face="Maiandra GD">FolkWorld</font>; Published 03/2010</font> <p><FONT FACE="Arial" SIZE=-2>All material published in FolkWorld is &#169; The Author via FolkWorld. 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